By Mohamed Aden Daud

The election of Donald Trump as president of the United States has sparked significant discussions about the future of Somaliland’s quest for international recognition. Under Trump’s leadership, the Republican Party is expected to adopt a foreign policy that could bring greater attention to Somaliland and potentially pave the way for its recognition as an independent state.

During President Muse Bihi Abdi’s visit to the U.S., which followed a formal invitation from the Republican Party, the relationship between Somaliland and the United States grew notably stronger. Bihi’s speech, delivered in front of U.S. lawmakers and officials, emphasized Somaliland’s commitment to democratic values and regional stability, making a case for recognition. This visit was followed by increased engagement from U.S. political delegations, marking a significant shift in diplomatic relations.

Trump’s administration, known for its strategic focus on countering China’s growing influence in Africa, may find Somaliland’s strategic location in the Horn of Africa appealing. Its proximity to the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, a critical shipping route, makes it a key player in global geopolitics. Furthermore, discussions within the Republican Party about establishing a U.S. military base in Somaliland reflect the growing importance of the region in U.S. foreign policy.

The idea of recognizing Somaliland’s independence has gained traction among Republicans, many of whom view it as a way to counterbalance Somalia’s longstanding instability and to establish stronger ties with a democratic, self-governing entity. Given the Party’s support for Taiwan—another self-declared republic—there is a clear ideological alignment with Somaliland’s pursuit of self-determination.

Should the U.S. take action toward recognizing Somaliland, it would mark a dramatic shift in U.S. foreign policy in the Horn of Africa, and could influence other nations to follow suit. This move would also carry significant diplomatic implications, particularly with Somalia, which opposes Somaliland’s independence. The Somali government, which receives financial and political support from the Biden administration, is likely to view any U.S. recognition of Somaliland as a direct challenge to its territorial integrity.

In summary, Trump’s election signals a potential turning point for Somaliland’s international recognition. With Republican support growing and a strategic interest in the Horn of Africa, the U.S. could play a pivotal role in shaping Somaliland’s future as an independent nation, while also redefining its broader geopolitical strategy in Africa.

Horn or Africa is often marked as a region known for instability, In the North West of the Horn, Somaliland has established a stable foundation of governance, security, and economic development since last three decades by declaring independence from Somalia in 1991. Yet, despite Somaliland’s demonstrated success as a state and completing elements of Statehood like define territory, permanent population, government, elections, defence etc., the international community continues to withhold formal recognition. This reluctance not only dismisses Somaliland’s progress but also overlooks a vital chance to support stability within the Horn of Africa.

Commitment to Democracy and Rule of Law

Somaliland’s journey is unique. Unlike many regions seeking independence through conflict, Somaliland has shown dedication to democracy and rule of law. It has held peaceful elections, ensured orderly transitions of power, and introduced biometric voter registration—steps rarely seen in this part of the world. These democratic practices stand in stark contrast to Somalia’s ongoing struggles with violence and political fragmentation.

Legally, Somaliland’s case is compelling. In 2010, the International Court of Justice ruled in Kosovo’s favor, stating that declarations of independence do not inherently violate international law. Many countries recognized Kosovo afterward. Somaliland, with its distinct historical background as a former British protectorate before its brief, troubled union with Somalia, argues for a similar right to restore its original sovereignty.

Economic Viability Against the Odds

Despite limited resources and a lack of international aid, Somaliland has built a functioning economy in the region just like other nations with challenges of course due to the factors of recognition. Its private sector local businesses, telecom companies, and even multinational giants like Coca-Cola bottling plant—provides the backbone for growth. The Port of Berbera, a key strategic asset and backbone for the nation, has attracted investment from the UAE and private giants establishing it as a logistical hub in the Horn of Africa.

This economic resilience strengthens Somaliland’s case. Just as South Sudan’s control of oil resources was crucial to its independence, Somaliland’s economic stability shows it can operate independently. Recognition would open the doors for more foreign investment and formal access to international markets, further bolstering its role in the region.

A Stabilizing Force in a Volatile Region

The Horn of Africa faces grave security challenges, from terrorism and piracy to human trafficking. Somaliland, however, has managed to create a haven of relative peace and stability. This record benefits not only its citizens but also international stakeholders concerned with regional security and safe maritime routes.

The international community has recognized statehood in other cases to promote stability, such as Timor-Leste’s independence in 2002, where recognition brought peace to Southeast Asia. Recognizing Somaliland could provide similar benefits, fostering a more stable environment in the Horn of Africa and countering extremist threats.

Learning from Other Recognition Cases

Kosovo, South Sudan, and Timor-Leste all faced opposition but eventually achieved recognition. In each case, the decision supported both self-determination and regional stability. Somaliland’s case is similar: its achievements and long-standing independence make it a strong candidate for recognition.

A Moral and Strategic Necessity

Supporting Somaliland aligns with international principles of promoting democracy and stability. Neighboring states, like Ethiopia and Djibouti, could benefit from having a stable partner, while global powers like the U.S. and EU could see it as a strategic move. MOU between Ethiopia and Somaliland could be a game changer for the region and the State’s international image and relations. Ignoring Somaliland risks leaving a successful region vulnerable to external threats and instability.

Time to Acknowledge Somaliland’s Achievements

Somaliland’s pursuit of recognition is not just about political status but it has practical implications for the Horn of Africa’s security and prosperity. Recognizing Somaliland could validate its progress, support regional stability, and showcase the international community’s commitment to peace. Acknowledging Somaliland’s right to self-determination would not only reward its achievements but also help secure a more stable future for the region.

By Abdul Rafay Afzal (Editor In Chief The Advocate Post)

Introduction

For over three decades, the Republic of Somaliland has demonstrated commendable governance, peace, and democratic processes, distinguishing itself from the instability often associated with the broader Horn of Africa region. Yet, despite these significant achievements, Somaliland continues to share the country dialing code (+252) with Somalia. This incongruity fails to reflect the reality on the ground: Somaliland is a distinct entity deserving international recognition, including its own dialing code, ideally +210 which is currently an empty slot in the African continent. This opinion argues for the necessity and feasibility of such recognition and explores interim arrangements that could acknowledge Somaliland’s unique status.

Somaliland: A Model for Stability and Democracy

Since declaring independence from Somalia in 1991, Somaliland has established itself as a beacon of stability in a region that has experienced decades of turmoil. It has held multiple democratic elections, established robust governmental institutions, and maintained peace and security. Such accomplishments are not the hallmarks of a micronation but of a well-functioning state worthy of international acknowledgment.

Historical Precedents and Case Laws

Several regions and entities have secured unique or shared dialing codes despite limited international recognition, setting important precedents:

1. Kosovo: Before gaining its own dialing code, Kosovo used the codes of neighboring countries such as Serbia (+381) and Slovenia (+386). Eventually, through negotiations and agreements with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and relevant states, Kosovo secured the dialing code +383. The success of this arrangement was underpinned by international diplomatic efforts and legal frameworks, such as United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, which provided a legal basis for Kosovo’s interim administration.
2. Abkhazia and South Ossetia: These regions, while not widely recognized, use the Russian dialing code (+7) following shared agreements reflecting political realities.
3. Northern Cyprus: Utilizes Turkey’s dialing code (+90 392) due to its political relationship and partial recognition status.

These examples demonstrate that the ITU can facilitate region-specific dialing codes or shared arrangements, even in politically sensitive contexts, paving the way for a similar arrangement for Somaliland.

Arguments for Somaliland’s Own Dialing Code

1. Self-Governance and Stability: Unlike Somalia, which continues to experience political instability and conflict, Somaliland has displayed consistent self-governance, exemplified by peaceful transitions of power, a functioning judiciary, and effective law enforcement.
2. Population and Territory: With over 6 million people, Somaliland is considerably larger and more populous than Kosovo, which has approximately 1.8 million inhabitants. This demographic reality further underscores that Somaliland is not a fringe or minor entity but a significant, functional state.
3. International Trade and Communication: Accurate and distinct representation in international telecommunications is crucial for economic development, aiding both local businesses and foreign investors. A unique dialing code would facilitate smoother and more efficient international communication, boosting Somaliland’s economic prospects.
4. Legal Rights and Humanitarian Principles: According to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), to which many nations are signatories, the rights to self-determination and independent communication are codified. Granting Somaliland a unique dialing code aligns with these internationally recognized rights.

Potential Solutions

Unique Country Dialing Code +210

The ideal scenario is for Somaliland to obtain its own country dialing code, such as +210. This would unequivocally symbolize Somaliland’s distinct identity on the global stage, reflecting its de facto sovereignty and encouraging broader international recognition.

Interim and Alternative Solutions

Given the political challenges that may accompany the full recognition of a unique code, interim solutions offer practical pathways:

1. Shared Code Arrangement: Somaliland could negotiate with Somalia and the ITU for a specific prefix within Somalia’s existing code (+252). This approach would require diplomatic engagement and goodwill from both Somaliland and Somalia, along with facilitation by the ITU.
2. Negotiated Shared Code: Somaliland should explore negotiations with neighboring countries, such as Ethiopia or Turkey, to use a shared code similar to the arrangement between Northern Cyprus and Turkey. This arrangement would recognize Somaliland’s unique status while maintaining regional cooperation.

The quest for Somaliland to acquire its own country dialing code transcends technical convenience; it is a matter of justice, recognition, and the facilitation of international rights. Somaliland’s record of stable governance, democratic processes, and substantial population provides a compelling case for its distinct dialing code, ideally +210. Yet while striving for this goal, interim solutions such as a shared prefix within Somalia’s code or negotiations for shared codes offer pragmatic steps forward.

This calls upon the ITU, the international community, and relevant stakeholders to acknowledge Somaliland’s unique status and facilitate its distinct representation in the global telecommunication landscape. Recognizing the dedication and achievements of the people of Somaliland, it is time to reflect their reality in our global directory, ensuring they receive the recognition they duly deserve.

By Abdul Rafay Afzal (Editor In Chief/Founder The Advocate Post)